Showing posts with label Lacordaire: God. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Lacordaire: God. Show all posts

Thursday, April 26, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

Recognizing that since I haven't posted from Lacordaire, I also haven't read any of it, So I decided to resume the short posts...


The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)


CONFERENCES

THE INNER LIFE OF GOD
(continued)

SISTIMUS HIC TANDEM NOBIS UBI DEFUIT ORBIS.

This first general law being recognized, I at once draw some conclusions from it touching the life of God; for as the action of a being is equal to its activity, and as God is infinite activity, it follows that in God there is infinite action, or, to speak still more clearly, that infinite action constitutes in God the very life of God. But what is an action? Nature and mankind are composed only of a tissue of actions; we do nothing else from the moment of our birth to our death. Nevertheless, do you know clearly what an action is? Have you ever weighed the sense of that word which comprises all that passes in heaven and upon earth? An action is a movement; it is impossible for us to conceive its nature under a more clear and general form. The body moves when it acts, thought moves when it works, the heart moves when it conceives affections; from wheresoever the action comes, the tongue has but one term for expressing it, and the understanding but one idea for conceiving it. All is in movement in the universe, because all therein is action, and all therein is action, because, from the atom to the planet, from the dust even to intelligence, all is activity. But movement supposes and object, an end to which the being aspires. I move, I run I risk my life. Why? What do I seek? Apparently I seek something wanting to me and which I desire; for if nothing were wanting to me, my movement would have no cause, repose would be my natural state, immobility my happiness. Since I move, it is to act: to act is at the same time the motive and the end of movement, and consequently action is a productive movement.

Do not grow weary of following me; it is true I am leading you by ways whose outlets perhaps you do not yet see; you are passengers in the ship of Columbus, you seek in vain the star that announces the port to you; but take courage, you will soon hail the shore, it is already near.

Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)

Friday, April 20, 2007

Lacordaire: Conferences

In one of the last posts I put up from Lacordaire, he spoke of "act" and "life" being one and the same thing. I'll admit I did not follow it exactly, so I asked Staffan Humlebo, who is the chairman of a college Philosophy Department in Sweeden, if he could expand on it a bit for me. Staffan generously replied:

Hi Mark, thank you for making me go into a close reading of Lacordaire, although I hardly should do that now in midtearm grading time.

I first noticed that Lacordaire in the first chapter has

"nous avons prouvé la divinité de la doctrine
catholique en deux manières "

where you have

"We have proved the divinity of Christian doctrine in a two-fold manner"

choosing Christian instead of Catholic. (Staffan picks up on 1860s PC??)

Then as to his nice thinking about being and acting. As I read (found the text on gallica.bnf.fr) him he first finds a mystical force, common and permanent to all beings, whatever their form or degree of perfection. This force "we call" activity. Even intertia is an activity. This force is a formgiving activity, resisting influences, keeping the individual life-form intact. Even a grain of sand is active with this force. Whithout this force in activity forms would nihilate and go into nothingness (which is not the heideggerian nice form of nothingness).

Then he makes a rather cartesian identification of this activity and being itself. Descartes makes it when he says that the activity "I think" actually is my soul. Others separates being as substance from acts as something contingent. But Lacordaire has the very force of activity to constitute being. It's dynamic being so to speak. And it points to the later Blondel who centers on L'activité and somewhat away from St Thomas whose act is pure act, which is probably not what L has in mind, although he cites T.

This is very interesting.

To live is to act L says, he is really coming on strong there. Of course some acts are more free than other in the universe, and then he refers to aristotelian gradations of life. But, he emphazises: it is one and the same force/being/action.

Then he goes into what limitations are. Each life-forms own will is one. Other wills or force to invade me are other limitations. Every form has a set limitation. He seems also to include personal intelligence and talents into these limitations of activity (leurs facultés). No one can transgress those given limits.

After the latin quote about not going outside of you orbis, he comes to the infinite activity of God. While all living forms have limits, God does not. God is infinite force and infinite activity. He finds a law here: just as the acts of a limited form of life is equal to his own activity limit, we find in God an infinite action. An infinite act constitutes in God the very life of God. L seems to say that this we know for sure about the life of God.

The L comes to the question What is an action? L says, and it's a little obscure:

"La nature et l' humanité ne se composent que d' un tissu d' actions ;"

Hmmm.... "Nature and humanity is merely one fabric of actions"

And he goes on to say that from birth to death all we do is act. Then he really sings the praise of "movement" apparently as a synonym for activity.

But now I have to go to bed Mark. Hope my rambling gave something! // Staffan
(They did, thank you!)

Here are Lacordaire's words:

Or, en tous, quels que soient leur
nom, leur forme, leur degré de perfection ou
d' infériorité, nous découvrons une force
mystérieuse qui est le principe de leur
subsistance et de leur organisation, et que
p37

nous appelons l' activité. Tout être, même le plus
inerte en apparence, est une activité ; il se
condense en lui-même, il résiste aux efforts
étrangers, il attire et s' incorpore des
élémens qui lui obéissent.

Un grain de sable
est en lutte et en harmonie avec l' univers
entier, et il se conserve par cette force qui est
le fond même de son être, et sans quoi il
s' abîmerait dans l' incapacité absolue du néant.

L' activité étant le caractère permanent et
commun de tout ce qui est, il s' ensuit que
l' être et l' activité sont une seule et même
chose, et que nous avons le droit de poser
cette définition : l' être est l' activité.

Saint Thomas D' Aquin nous en a donné l' exemple,
lorsque ayant à définir Dieu, qui est l' être
dans sa réalité totale, il a dit : Dieu est
un acte pur .

Mais l' activité entraîne l' action, et l' action
c' est la vie. La vie est à l' être ce que l' action
est à l' activité. Vivre, c' est agir.

Il est vrai
que l' action spontanée, et surtout libre,
étant l' action parfaite, on marque
ordinairement la naissance ou l' apparition de la
vie là où se manifeste ce genre d' action. Ainsi
l' on dit que la pierre est, que la plante
végète, que l' animal vit ; mais ces différentes
expressions ne signalent que les gradations
de l' activité dont la présence, si faible qu' elle
soit, constitue partout l' être vivant.

Nous savons ce que c' est que la vie. Faisons un
pas de plus, cherchons-en les lois générales,
et appliquons-les à Dieu.
La première loi générale de la vie est
celle-ci : l' action d' un être est égale à
son activité . En effet, l' action
p38

d' un être ne saurait être limitée que par une
force étrangère ou par sa propre volonté. Or,
une force étrangère ne l' arrête qu' au degré où
il manque lui-même d' énergie, et quant à sa
volonté propre, s' il en est doué, elle le porte
nécessairement jusqu' où il peut atteindre par
sa nature.

Une action supérieure à son
activité lui est impossible ; une action
inférieure ne lui suffit pas ; une action égale à
son activité est la seule qui le mette d' accord
avec lui-même et avec le reste de l' univers.
Aussi, messieurs, soit que vous considériez
le mouvement général des mondes ou la tendance
de chaque être en particulier, vous les verrez
tous agir selon la quantité de leurs forces, et
ne mettre de bornes à leur ambition, que parce
qu' il en existe à leurs facultés.

Tous,
l' homme compris, vont jusqu' où ils peuvent ;
tous, parvenus au terme qui les épuise et les
arrête, écrivent comme le poète en
accusant leur impuissance avec orgueil :
sistimus tandem nobis ubi defuit orbis.

Cette première loi générale connue, je conclurai
déjà quelque chose touchant la vie de Dieu ;
car l' action d' un être étant égale à son
activité, et Dieu étant l' activité infinie, il
s' ensuit qu' il y a en Dieu une action
infinie ou, pour parler plus clairement encore,
qu' une action infinie constitue en Dieu la vie
même de Dieu.

Mais qu' est-ce qu' une action ? La
nature et l' humanité ne se composent que d' un
tissu d' actions ;
p39

nous ne faisons pas autre chose depuis l' instant de
notre naissance jusqu' à celui de notre mort : et
pourtant savez-vous bien ce que c' est qu' une
action ?

Avez-vous jamais médité sur le sens de ce
mot, qui renferme à lui seul tout ce qui se passe
au ciel et sur la terre ? L' action est un
mouvement ; il nous est impossible d' en concevoir
la nature sous une forme plus claire et plus
générale.

Le corps se meut quand il agit, la
pensée se meut quand elle travaille, le coeur
se meut quand il conçoit des affections ; de
quelque part que vienne l' acte, la langue n' a
qu' un terme pour l' exprimer, et l' entendement
qu' une idée pour se le représenter.

Tout est en mouvement dans l' univers parce que tout y est
action, et tout y est action parce que depuis
l' atôme jusqu' à l' astre, depuis la poussière
jusqu' à l' esprit, tout y est activité. Mais le
mouvement suppose un but, un terme où l' être
aspire. Je m' agite, je cours, j' expose ma vie :
pourquoi ? Qu' est-ce que je veux ?
Apparemment je cherche quelque chose qui
me manque et dont j' ai besoin : car si rien ne me
manquait, mon mouvement n' aurait pas de cause, le
repos serait mon état naturel, l' immobilité
mon bonheur. Puisque je me meus, c' est pour
faire ; faire est à la fois le motif et le terme
du mouvement, et par conséquent l' action est un
mouvement producteur.
Ne vous lassez pas de me suivre, messieurs ; il
est vrai, je vous emporte par des voies dont
peut-être vous n' entrevoyez pas encore l' issue ;
vous êtes passagers sur le vaisseau de
Colomb, vous cherchez en vain l' étoile
p40

qui vous annonce le port ; mais prenez courage,
tout à l' heure vous crierez : terre ! Nous y
touchons.
L' action est un mouvement producteur, je viens de
le démontrer, et comme l' action est la
conséquence de l' activité, il s' en suit que la
production est la fin dernière de l' activité,
c' est-à-dire de l' être, puisque l' être et
l' activité sont une seule et même chose. Mais
dans quelle proportion l' être produira-t-il ?
évidemment dans la proportion de son activité,
puisque, selon la première loi générale de la
vie, l' action d' un être est égale à son
activité. Ainsi vivre, c' est agir ; agir, c' est
produire ; produire, c' est tirer de soi
quelque chose d' égal à soi. Sans doute on peut
concevoir une production inférieure à l' être
d' où elle émane ; mais cette production, si elle a
lieu, ne sera pas l' acte principal de la vie, elle
n' en sera que l' accessoire et l' accident. Tout
être tend à produire dans la plénitude de ses
facultés, parce qu' il tend à vivre de la
plénitude de sa vie, et il n' atteint ce terme
naturel de son ambition qu' en tirant de lui
quelque chose d' égal à lui-même. Il est aisé
de le constater par l' observation, après l' avoir
établi par le raisonnement. En quoi consiste,
par exemple, le douloureux travail de l' artiste ?
L' artiste a eu dans son âme une vision du vrai
et du beau ; l' horizon s' est déchiré sous son
regard, et il a saisi dans le lointain lumineux
de l' infini une idée qui est devenue la sienne
et qui le tourmente jour et nuit. Que
veut-il et qu' est-ce qui le trouble ? Il
veut rendre ce qu' il a vu ou entendu ; il veut
qu' une
p41

toile, qu' une pierre ou qu' une parole exprime sa
pensée comme elle est en lui, avec la même
clarté, la même force, la même poésie, la
même accentuation. Tant qu' il n' obtient pas
cette bienheureuse égalité entre sa conception
et son style, il est sous le poids d' un
malheur qui le désespère ; car il reste
au-dessous de lui-même, et il pleure en larmes
ardentes l' inefficacité de son génie, qui lui
paraît comme une insulte et une mort. celui à
qui il a été donné davantage, dit
l' évangile, on lui demandera davantage . Telle
est la loi de la production aussi bien dans
l' ordre de la nature et de l' art que dans
l' ordre de la vertu.
Mais, messieurs, pour que la vie produise quelque
chose d' égal à elle-même, il faut qu' elle produise la
vie ; pour que l' être vivant produise quelque
chose d' égal à lui-même, il faut qu' il produise
son semblable, ou, en d' autres termes, qu' il
soit fécond. La fécondité est le terme extrême
et complet de la production, qui est elle-même
le terme nécessaire de l' activité. Nous
arrivons de la sorte à connaître et à poser
cette seconde loi générale de la vie :
l' activité d' un être se résume dans sa
fécondité .
Ici, messieurs, le spectacle des choses parle si
haut, qu' il est presque inutile de l' invoquer.
Quel est dans la nature l' être vil et
déshérité qui n' ait reçu de Dieu la grâce de
produire son semblable, de se voir dans un
autre lui-même émané de lui ? La plante ne
cesse de semer dans la terre le germe qui la
multiplie ; l' arbre répand autour de lui et
confie aux vents du
p42



Staffan also adds:

The other day I thought about the "brownian movements", the irregular motion of coal dust particles observed on the surface of alcohol in 1785 but generally regarded as having been discovered by the botanist Robert Brown in 1827. It is believed that Brown was studying pollen particles floating in water under the microscope. He then observed minute particles within the vacuoles of the pollen grains executing a jittery motion. Einstein later went on to study them.

Could Lacordaire, inquisitive as he was, heard about this I wonder. His wonderful exhortation on the force of motion and activity really fits well for the Brownian motions.

Monday, April 16, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

The last post of an extract from Lacordaire' Conferences has a comment from Marmion which has a link to an online version of the book. I'm glad to see this, but also admit that posting a few paragraphs at a time had been a great way to read the book in short segments, allowing time for reflection and further study, which I've been enjoying.

I did find something though. Using the same resource which was indicated in the comment, I found a single volume set of Lacordaire's conferences which had been published originally as three volumes! So, here's the link:

Jesus Christ, - God - God and Man (1884)
Lacordaire, Henri-Dominique, 1802-1861


Interestingly, one of the other books I'm reading is "Christ the Life of the Soul" by Dom Marmion.

double hat tip to Marmion!

Thursday, April 12, 2007

Lacordaire: Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)


CONFERENCES

THE INNER LIFE OF GOD
(continued)

We would understand something of the divine life: the first question, therefore, we have to ask is: What is life? For, as long as we do not know what life is in itself, it is clear that we shall not be able to form any idea of the life of God. What, then, is life? In order to comprehend this, we must learn what being is; for life is evidently a certain state of being. We thus arrive at that first and supreme question: What is being? And we shall solve it by seeking what is permanent and common in the infinitely varied beings which surround us. Now, in all of these, whatsoever their name, their form, their degree of perfection or inferiority, we find a mysterious force which is the principle of their substance and organization, and which we call activity. Every being, even the most inert in appearance, is active; it condenses, it resists foreign efforts, it attracts and incorporates to itself element which obey it. A grain of sand is in contest and in harmony with the whole universe, and maintains itself by that force which is the very seat of its being, and without which it would become lost in the absolute incapacity of nothingness. Activity, being the permanent and common characteristic, of all that is, it follows that being and activity are one and the same thing, and that we are warranted in making this definition: Being is activity. St. Thomas of Aquinas gave us an example when, having to define God, who is being in its total reality, he said: God is a pure act.

But activity supposes action, and action is life. Life is to being what action is to activity. To live, is to act. It is true that spontaneous, and above all, free action, being perfect action, the birth or apparition of life is generally marked at the point where that kind of action is manifested. Thus we say that the stone is, that the plant grows, that the animal lives; but these different expressions mark only the gradations of activity, whose presence, how feeble soever it may be, everywhere constitutes the living being.

We know what life is. Let us advance another step, let us learn what are its general laws, and then apply them to God.

The first general law of life is: The action of a being is equal to its activity. In fact the action of a being can be limited only by a foreign force, or by its own will. Now a foreign force checks it only at the point where its own energy ceases, and as to its own will, should it possess any, that necessarily bears it as far as it can reach by its own nature. An action superior to its activity is impossible to it; an action inferior is insufficient; an action equal to its activity is the only action that places it in harmony with itself and with the rest of the universe. Therefore, whether you consider the general movement of worlds or the tendency of each being in particular, you will find them all acting according to the measure of their forces, and placing limits to their ambition only because they exist to their faculties. All, and man among the rest, advance as far as they can; all, having reached the point which exhausts and stops them, write like the poet, proudly accusing their own powerlessness:


SISTIMUS HIC TANDEM NOBIS UBI DEFUIT ORBIS.


Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)

Tuesday, April 10, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES
(continued)

THE INNER LIFE OF GOD

MY LORD, - GENTLEMAN,

GOD exists, but what does he? What is his action? What is his life? This question at once rises in our thoughts. As soon as the mind has recognized the existence of a being, it asks how that being lives; and still more so in regard to God, who, as the principle of beings, excites within us a thirst for knowledge of him, so much the more ardent and just as his action is the model of all action, and his life the pattern of all life. What then is the life of God? How does he employ his eternity? This is doubtless a bold question. Nevertheless, it is a question which men ask, and which they desire to solve. But how is it to be solved? How are we to penetrate the divine essence in order to catch a glimpse of the incomprehensible movement of an eternal, infinite, absolute, and immutable spirit?

Three doctrines come before us. One of these affirms that God is condemned by the sovereign majesty of his nature to isolation dreadful to imagine; that, alone in himself, he contemplates himself seeing only himself, and love himself with a love which has no other object than himself; and in this contemplation of this love, eternally solitary, the nature and perfection of his life consist.

According to the second doctrine, the universe shows us the life of God, or rather it is in itself the life of God. We behold in it his permanent action, the scene upon which his power is exercised, and in which all his attributes are reflected. God is not out of the universe any more than the universe is out of God. God is the principle, the universe is the consequence, but a necessary consequence, without which the principle would be inert, unfruitful, impossible to conceive.

Catholic doctrine condemns these two systems. It does not admit that God is a solitary being eternally employed in a sterile contemplation of himself; nor does it admit that the universe, although it is the work of God, is his proper and personal life. It soars above those feeble ideas, and, bearing us with the word of God beyond all the conceptions of the human mind, it teaches us that the divine life consists in the co-eternal union of three equal persons, in whom plurality destroys solitude, and unity division; whose thought corresponds, whose love is mutual, and who, in that marvelous communion, identical in substance, distinct in personality, form together an ineffable association of light and love. Such is the essence of God, and such is his life, both powerfully expressed in those words of the Apostle St. John: - TRES SUNT QUI TESTIMONIUM DARET IN CŒLO: PATER, VERBUM , ET SPIRITUS SANCTUSThere are three who give testimony in heaven; the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost. And these three are one (Jn 5:7).

Here, and very soon after having promised you light, it would seem that I am leading you into a maze of darkness; for, can anything be conceived more formidable to the mind than the terms by which I have just expressed, according to the Scriptures and the Church, the relations that constitute the inner life of God? Do not, however, yield to this first impression; trust rather to my promises, since they are those of the Gospel, wherein it is written: EGO SUM LUX MUNDII am the light of the world. And again: - QUI SEQUITUR ME NON AMBULAT IN TENEBRIS, SED HABEBIT LUMEN VITÆHe that followeth me walketh not in darkness, but shall have the light of life (Jn 8:12). Yes, be confident, count upon God, who has proposed nothing to you unnecessary to be believed, and who has hidden marvelous treasures in the most obscure mysteries, as he has hidden the fires of the diamond in the depths of the earth. Follow me, let us pass the pillars of Hercules, and, leaving truth to fill our sails, let us fearlessly advance even to the transatlantic regions of light.

Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)

next reading here

Thursday, April 05, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
(continued)



But if God has on his side nature, intelligence, conscience, and society, what remains there to pantheism? Where is it to find its basis? It seeks its basis in the obscurities of abstruse metaphysics; withdrawing from all realities, from every feeling and every want, in order to form a labyrinth from whence thought can find no exit. It loses itself the clue, and shut up in the subtle prison which it has made, takes refuge in the sneer of self-deceived pride, and calling to its help, from the corrupted depths of ages, the prying spirits of subtle doctrines, it hurls against God and mankind the anathema of scorn. God passes by without hearing, and mankind without answering. Let us do likewise, let us pass by also.

We have a threefold intuition of God: a negative intuition in nature; a direct intuition in the ideas of truth and justice; a practical intuition in human society. Nature, in manifesting characteristics to us incompatible with a being existing of itself, causes us to mount to its source, the ideas of truth and justice name God to us, without whom they would be nothing; human society, which cannot do without him, proves to us his existence by its need of him. But besides these continuous and inadmissible revelations, there are others which divine providence scatters from time to time on the road of nations. He strikes with his thunders and rends the veils, he gives so full and deep a consciousness of his presence, than none can be deceived, and causes a whole nation to utter from its inmost heart that unanimous and involuntary cry: It is the hand of God! We are witnessing one of those times when God unveils himself; but yesterday he passed through our gates and the whole world beheld him. Shall I then remain silent before him? Shall I hold upon my trembling lips the prayer of a man who, once in his life, has seen his God before him?

O God, who has just dealt these terrible blows, O God, the judge of kings and arbiter of the world, look down in mercy upon this old Frank nation, the elder son of thy right hand and of thy Church. Remember its past services, thy first blessings; renew with it that ancient alliance which made it thy people; touch its heart which was so full of thee, and which now again, in the flush of a victory wherein it spared nothing royal, yielded to thee the empire which it yields to none other. O God, just and holy, by the cross of thy Son which their hands bore from the profaned palace of kings to the spotless palace of thy spouse, watch over us, protect us, enlighten us, prove once more to the world that a people that respects thee is a people saved!


Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)

next reading here

Tuesday, April 03, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
(continued)



Perhaps you will still better understand the force of this conclusion by applying it to the order of conscience. Even as truth is the object and life of the mind, justice is the object and life of conscience. Conscience sees and approves a rule of the rights and duties between beings endowed with liberty. That rule is justice. But where is justice? Is it a simple result of human will? It that case justice would e but a convention, a fragile law called into life today and which may fall tomorrow. Is it an order founded on the very nature of man? But that nature is variable, corruptible, subject to passions that lead it astray. What is order for one would be disorder for another. If then justice be a reality, it must be an eternal and absolute law regulating the relations of material beings, and metaphysics an eternal and absolute law regulating the relations of intelligent beings with all beings, either existing or possible. Beyond this notion, justice is but a name which arms the strong against the weak, the prosperous against the needy. Now, this notion necessarily calls forth the notion of God, since an eternal and absolute law could only be a reality in the person of a being subsisting of himself, possessing a will active and just, able to promulgate an order, to maintain it, to reward obedience and punish rebellion.

Truth is the first name of God; justice is the second.

Now it is easy to conceive that there may be men for whom truth and justice are nothing but philosophical speculations, men who shut themselves up in the proud solitude of their own thoughts, and build up in them their own glory upon systems that bear their names. But it is not so with poor and suffering mankind: it needs truth for its nourishment, justice for its defense, and it knows that the real name of both is the name of God, and t hat the real strength of both is the power of God. The poor and the afflicted have never been deceived herein. When they are oppressed, they lift up their hands towards God, they write his name upon their banners, they pronounce to the oppressor that last and solemn expression of the soul that believes and hopes: I cite you before the tribunal of God!

The time of that tribunal comes sooner of later, its temporal and visible, as well as its eternal time. Kings even here below are cited before it, and nations also. It is the permanent tribunal set up in the midst of error and wickedness, and which saves the world. In vain would pride destroy it; the people saved by it save it in their turn. If there were none but sages among us, the idea of God might perish here, for a man alone is always powerful against God; but happily nations are feeble against him, because they cannot do without justice and truth. They protect him against the learned chimeras of false wisdom; they preserve his memory with a faithfulness which does not always preserve the perfect idea of him, but which at least has never yet permitted the sun and history to see a nation of atheists. Notwithstanding all that men have done, God remains as the corner-stone of human society; no legislator has dared to banish him, no age has ignored him, no language has effaced his name. Upon earth as in heaven, his is because he is.


Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)

next reading here

Monday, April 02, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
(continued)



In contemplating nature, man sees realities; in contemplating his intelligence, he sees truths. Realities are finite like the nature that contains them; truths are infinite, eternal, absolute, that is to say, greater than the intelligence in which we find them. Nature shows us geometrical figures; the intelligence reveals to us the mathematical law itself, the general and the abstract law of all bodies. It does more, it reveals to us the metaphysical law, that is to say, the law of all beings of what kind soever, the law which is as applicable to spirits as to bodies. At this height, and in this horizon, the universe disappears from our mental vision, or, at least, we no longer perceive it save as the reflection of a higher world, as the shadows of a boundless light; the real becomes absorbed in the true, which is its root, reality becomes measured by truth.

But where is truth? Where is its dwelling place, its seat, its living essence? Is it a pure abstraction of our mind? Is it nothing by the universe magnified by a dream? If it were so, our intelligence itself would be but a dream; truth, which appears to us as the principle of all things, would be only the exaggeration, and, as it were, the extravagance of sensible reality.

Shall we say that truth has its seat in our mind? But our mind is limited, truth has no limits; our mind had a beginning, truth is eternal; our mind is susceptible of more or less, truth is absolute. To say that our mind is the seat of truth, is to say in obscure terms that our mind is truth itself, living truth: who is so mad as to believe this? Besides the contradiction existing between the nature of our mind and the nature of truth, do we not see the minds which form mankind engaged in a perpetual war of affirmations and negations? Truth would then be battling with itself. It would affirm and deny at the same time, although remaining absolute. It is the very height of folly!

If truth be not a vain name, it is in the universe only in the state of expression, and in our mind only in the state of apparition; it is in the universe as the artist is in his work, it is in our mind as the sun is in our eyes. But beyond the universe and our mind, it subsists of itself, it is a real, an infinite, an eternal, an absolute essence, existing of itself; for how could it be that truth should not understand itself, since it is the source of all understanding! Now, so to speak of truth is to define God; God is the proper name of truth, as truth is the abstract name of God.

There is then a God, if truth exists. Would you say that there is no truth? It is for you to choose. I do not deny your liberty.




Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)

next reading here

Thursday, March 29, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
(continued)




If nature existed of itself, it would moreover possess the character of absolute liberty, or sovereignty; for, what can a being be said to depend upon which has no cause? But do we find this in the operations that manifest the life of nature to us? The universe is a serf; it revolves in a circle wherein nothing spontaneous appears; the stone remains where our hand places it, and the planet describes an orbit where we always find it. Those worlds, so prodigious by their mass and motion, have never revealed to the observer anything but a silent and blind mechanism, a slavish force, a helpless powerlessness to deviate from their law. And man himself – man in whom alone upon earth appears that liberty whose traces we vainly seek for in all the rest – is he a sovereign? Is he born at his own time? Does he die when it pleases him? Can he free himself from that which limits and embitters his existence? Like nature, of which he forms a part, he has his greatness, but it is a greatness which so much the more betrays his infirmity. He is like those kings who followed their victor to the Capitol, and whose abasement was but increased by the remnants of their majesty. The spectacle of the universe then awakens two sentiments, namely, wonder and pity. And these, strengthened by one another, together lead us to see the emptiness of nature, and to seek its author. Such is the language of worlds, their eternal eloquence, the cry of their conscience, if we may give such a name to the force that constrains them to speak for a greater than they, and to repeat to all the echoes of time and space the hymn of the creature to the Creator: NON NOBIS, DOMINE, NON NOBIS, SED NOMINI TUO GLORIAMNot unto us, Lord, not unto us, but to thy name be the glory! Yes, sacred worlds that roll above us, brilliant and joyous stars that pursue your course under the hand of the Most High, happy islands whose shores are traced out in the ocean of heaven, yes, you have never lied to man!

It matters little whether pantheism does or does not endeavor to pervert the meaning of the spectacle of nature. It is of importance for us to know, however, that man, taken in general, the man of mankind, sees at a glance that the universe does not exist of itself. Metaphysics will never destroy that deep impression made upon mankind by the spectacle of things which forms the scene upon which we live. A child perceives the incapacity of the heavens and the earth; he sees, he feels, he touches it; he will always return to it as to an invincible sentiment forming a part of his being. In vain will you tell him that he is God, it is enough for him to have had but a fever to know that you are laughing at him.



Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)

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Wednesday, March 28, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
(continued)




Need I avow it? – Since I have been charged with the work of preaching the divine word, this is the fist time that I have approached this question of the existence of God – if indeed it can be called a question! Hitherto I have disdained it as unnecessary. I have thought it needless to prove to a son the existence of his father, and that he who did not know him was unworthy of such knowledge. But the course of ideas constrains me to touch upon this subject. Nevertheless, in making this concession to logical order, I could not allow you to think that I purposed to satisfy a want of your hearts, or of the people and the age in which we life. God be thanked, we believe in him, and were I to doubt of your faith in him, you would rise and cast me out from amongst you; the doors of this cathedral would open before me of themselves, and the people would need but a look in order to confound me. That same people who in the intoxication of victory, after having overthrown many generations of kings, bore off in their submissive hands, and as the associate of their triumph, the image of the Son of God made man. (Applause.)

Gentlemen, let us not applaud the word of God; let us love it, believe in it, practice it; this is the only applause that mounts to heaven and is worthy of it.

I might here close this discourse since you happily show me that it is needless. Allow me, however, before doing so, to seek why the idea of God is popular, and whether that popularity is but a vain illusion of mankind.

We have said that we possess four means of verifying doctrines; namely: nature, intelligence, conscience, and society. If the idea of God be legitimate, it should derive strength from these four sources of light, whilst pantheism should necessarily find its condemnation in them.

Nature is a grand spectacle which easily exhausts our vision and our imagination; but does it bear the stamp of a being without cause, of a being existing of itself? Can nature say like God, through Moses: EGO SUM QUI SUMI am who am? Infinity is the first mark of the being without cause; does nature bear this sign? Let us examine it. All that we see there is limited, all is form and movement, form determined, movement calculated; all falls under the straightened empire of measure, even the distances which remain unknown to our instruments, but are by no means unknown to our conceptions. We feel the limit even where our eye does not perceive it; it is enough for us to seize it at one point, to determine it everywhere. The infinite is indivisible, and were but one single atom of the universe submitted to our feeble hands, we should know that nature is finite, and that its immensity is but the splendid veil of its poverty.


Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)


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Tuesday, March 27, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
(continued)




Before entering upon this comparison, or rather on entering upon it, I will make one observation. It is that God is here below the most popular of all beings, whilst pantheism is a purely scientific system. In the open fields, resting upon his implement of toil, the laborer lifts up his eyes towards heaven, and he names God to his children by an impulse as simple as his own soul. The poor call upon him, the dying invoke his name, the wicked fear him, the good bless him, kings give him their crowns to wear, armies place him at the head of their battalions, victory renders thanksgiving to him, defeat seeks help from him, nations arm themselves with him against their tyrants; there is neither place, nor time, nor circumstance, nor sentiment, in which God does not appear and is not named. Even love itself, so sure of its own charm, so confident in its own immortality, dares not to ignore him, and comes before his altars to beg from him the confirmation of the promises to which it has so often sworn. Anger feels that it has not reached its last expression until it has cursed that admirable name; and blasphemy is the homage of faith that reveals itself in its own forgetfulness. What shall I say of perjury? A man possesses a secret, upon which his fortune or his honor depends: he alone upon earth knows it, he alone is his own judge. But truth as an eternal accomplice in God; it calls God to its help, it places the heart of man to struggle against an oath, and even he who may be capable of violating its majesty would not do so without an inward shudder, as before the most cowardly and basest of actions. And yet what is there contained in those words of an oath? It is the name which all nations have adored, to which they have built temples, consecrated priests, offered prayers; it is the highest name, the most holy, the most efficient, the most popular name which the lips of men have received the grace to utter.

Is it so with pantheism? Where shall we look for it? Come with me, let us knock on yonder door; it is illustrious, and more than one celebrity has already been there. We are in the presence of a sage. Let us beg of him to explain to us the mystery of our destinies, for he has sounded it. What says he to us? That there is in the world only one single substance. Why? Because substance is that which is in itself, and that which is in itself is necessarily unique, infinite, eternal, God. Behold then the whole explanation of our life based upon a metaphysical definition. I do not now examine whether it be true of false, whether the conclusions drawn from it are legitimate, whether it is easy otherwise to define substance, and so overthrow the whole structure of this doctrine. I simply defy mankind to understand it; even you, who from your childhood have been initiated to speculations of words and ideas, you would not seize its tissue without great difficulty were I to expose it to you. Many of you, perhaps, would not succeed so far; for nothing is more rare than metaphysical sagacity, than that vision which dispels before it all realities, and penetrates with a fixed regard the world of abstractions. You would soon feel the swelling veins of your brow, a kind of dimness would seize even upon the most hidden recesses of your thoughts, and all would disappear before you, the real and the ideal, in painful obscurity. And we are to believe that truth lies hidden in such subtle and impossible depths! That there it awaits the human race to declare to it its destiny! Can you believe it? For my part, I do not believe it. I believe in the God of the poor and the simpleminded; I believe in the God who is known in the lowly cottage, whom infancy hears, whose name is dear to misfortune, who has found ways to reach to all, how humble soever they may be, and who has no enemies but the pride of knowledge and the corruption of the heart. I believe in this God. I believe in him because I am a man, and in repeating with all nations and all ages the first article of the Church’s Creed, I do but proclaim myself a man and take my rank in the natural community of souls.


Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)


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Monday, March 26, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
(continued)



What do you now expect from me? You think perhaps that I am about to demonstrate to you the existence of God? I assure you that I have no such intention, not because the thing is impossible, but because this is not the question before us. The existence of God is not a dogma overthrown, which it is needful to raise up again from the dust; it is a dogma standing erect, which holds its place between the Church, whose divine authority I have shown you, and Jesus Christ, whose personal divinity I have proved to you. God has been the basis of all that we have yet seen. He has revealed himself to us as all beings reveal themselves, namely, by his action. If God had not acted upon earth, and if he did not still act her days by day, no one would believe in him, whatever demonstration metaphysics and eloquence might make of him. Mankind believes in God because it sees him act. We have not then to demonstrate God, but to examine the idea of God, and to place it before our minds in all the splendor that we can draw from it.

Let us even put aside those positive proofs of God; let us forget his works in the world, and suppose that we have before us the bare question of his existence. The necessity of a direct demonstration of him would not even then follow. For our mind carries in itself the certainty that a principle of things exists, and, in addition, that this principle is either God or nature. Nothing remains then but to choose between them, and a matter of choice is quite another thing than a position in which reasoning has all to create. I have to oppose theism to pantheism, this is my task; I have to seek which of these is in harmony with nature, intelligence, conscience, and society; such is the strength of my position.



Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)


The bolded italic is not in the original, but I thought it such a profound statement that it is worth highlighting and meditating on.

next reading here

Saturday, March 24, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
(continued)



Such are the two doctrines.

And observe that the human mind could not conceive a third doctrine upon the principle of things. For either nature exists of itself and suffices to itself, or we must seek its cause and support above itself, not in an analogous nature subject to the same infirmity, but in a superior being answering in its essence to the idea and function of a principle. It is the one or the other. If we choose nature, as nature wants personality, we must say that the principle of things is an infinite force in the state of impersonality. If we reject nature, we must say that the principle of things is a supernatural being, the logical conception of which necessarily leads to the conclusion that the principle of thins is an infinite spirit in the state of personality. Therefore human reason, in regard to the first question concerning the mystery of destinies, the question of principle, is inevitably condemned to one or the other of these professions of faith: I believe in God; - I believe in nature.

This is the reason why there are but two fundamental doctrines in the world; theism and pantheism. The first of these builds upon the idea of God, the second upon the fact of nature; one starts from the invisible and the infinite, the other from the visible and indefinite. Whoever is not a theist is logically a pantheist, and whoever is not a pantheist is necessarily a theist. Every man chooses between these two doctrines, and the life of mankind cleaves to one of the other, as to the tree of life and the tree of death. Pantheism has perhaps been brought before you as a rare discovery of modern times, as a treasure slowly drawn forth from the fields of contemplation by the labor of sages: the fact is, it is as old as corrupted mankind, and the mind of a child is able to conceive that there is a God, or if there is not, that nature is itself its principle and its god.

It is a gift of truth, that upon a question so capital as that of the principle of things, you should have but to choose between two doctrines, and that on the rejection of one of these, the other becomes invested with the infallible character of logical necessity.


Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)


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Wednesday, March 21, 2007

Lacordaire, Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
(continued)



I ask then this supreme question, I ask it with you and with all time: what is the principle of things? Catholic doctrine answers us in these three first words of its creed: CREDO IN DEUM PATREM OMNIPOTENTEMI believe in God, the Father Almighty.

Hear its own explanation of this answer.

There is a primordial being: by that alone that it is primordial, it has no beginning, it is eternal, that is to say, infinite in duration; being infinite in duration, it is so also in its perfection; for, if anything were wanting to its perfection, it would not be total being, it would be limited in its existence; it would not exist in itself, it would not be primordial. There is then a being, infinite in duration and perfection. Now the state of perfection involves the personal state, that is to say, the stated of a being possessing consciousness and intelligence of itself, rendering an account to itself of what it is, distinguishing from itself that which is not itself, removing from itself that which is against itself; in a word, of a being who thinks, who wills, who acts, who is free, who is sovereign. The primordial being is then an infinite spirit in a state of personality. Such is Catholic doctrine on the principle of things, the doctrine contained in that short phrase: CREDO IN DEUMI believe in God.

Let us now hear the contrary doctrine, for there is always a contrary doctrine; and you will never find Christianity announcing a dogma without at once meeting with a negation, a negation intended to combat it, but which must serve to prove it. For error is the counterproof of truth, as shadows are the counterproofs of light. Do not wonder than at so prompt an opposition to so manifest a dogma; invite it rather, and listen to the first expression of Rationalism against the first expression of Christianity: CREDO IN NATURAM, MATREM OMNIPOTENTEMI believe in nature, the mother almighty.

You hear then that Rationalism, like Christianity, admits the existence of a principle of things; but for Rationalism, nature is the primordial, necessary, eternal, sovereign being. Now, nature is not unknown to us, and it is evident to us tat nature is in the state of impersonality; that is to say, nature has no consciousness of what it is, it does not possess that intellectual unity by which each of its members should live of the universal life, and the universe of the life of the least blade of grass comprised in its immensity. We are, so to say, immersed in nature, we draw from nature the aliment of our existence; but so far from forming there one single life by common knowledge, we know nothing even of the beings nearest to us. We pass each other by as strangers, and the universe answers to our laborious investigations only by the mute spectacle of its inanimate splendor. Nature is deprived of personality, and this is why Rationalism, which declares that nature is self-existent, defines the principle of things as an infinite force in the state of impersonality.

Such are the two doctrines.

Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)


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Tuesday, March 20, 2007

Lacordaire: Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
(continued)



MY LORD:

The Church and the country thank you together for the example you have given to us in these days of great and memorable emotion (The Revolution of 1848). You have called us into this cathedral on the morrow of a revolution in which all seemed to have been lost; we have responded to your call; we are here peaceably assembled under these antique vaults; we learn from them to fear nothing either for religion or for country; both render thanks to you for having believed in this indissoluble alliance, and for having discerned in passing things those which remain firm and become strengthened even by the changeableness of events.

Doctrine is the science of destinies. We live, but why do we live? We live, but how do we live? We, and all that is passing around us, move by a motion that never ceases. The heavens move onwards, the earth is born along, the waves follow each other on the old shores of the sea; the plant springs up, the tree waxes great, the dust drifts along, and the mind of man, yet more restless than all else in nature, knows no repose. Whence and why is this? All motion supposes a starting-point, a term to which it tends, and a road by which it passes. What is then our starting-point? What our end? What our road? Doctrines must answer us: doctrine must show us our beginning, our end, our means; and, with them, the secret of our destinies. All science does not reach so far. The lower sciences teach us the law of particular movements; they tell us how bodies attract and repel each other; what orbit they describe in the undefined spaces of the universe; how they become decomposed and reconstituted, and numberless secrets of that restless and unremitting life which they lead in the fertile bosom of nature: but they do not make known to us the general law of motion, the first principle of things, their final end, their common means. This is the privilege of doctrine, a privilege as far above all the sciences as the universal is above the individual.

Now of these three terms which comprise the system of destinies, the one which doctrine should first reveal to us is doubtless the principle of things; for it is easy to conceive that upon the principle depends the end, that from the end and the principle proceeds the means. The principle of beings evidently includes the reason of the end assigned to them, as their principle and their end determine the means by which they are to attain and fulfill their vocation.

I ask then this supreme question, I ask it with you and with all time: what is the principle of things? Catholic doctrine answers us in these three first words of its creed: CREDO IN DEUM PATREM OMNIPOTENTEMI believe in God, the Father Almighty.

Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)


next reading here

Monday, March 19, 2007

Lacordaire: Conferences

The following is continued from Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"

(series begins here)




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD
(continued)


But where shall we find a basis in order to found doctrine and appropriate it to ourselves? Where shall we find terms of comparison and means of verification? We shall not need to seek far. God has placed near to us the instruments destined by his Providence to lead us toward himself. He has given them to us in nature and in intelligence, in conscience and in society. This is the quadruple and unique palace which he has built for us; quadruple in the diversity of its constructions, unique in the relations which they hold to one another, and in our indivisible abode therein. As God is whole and ever present to every part of the universe, man is whole and always present to nature, to his intelligence, to his conscience, to society; he draws from them a life which constantly receives light from their reverberation, and which never leaves him in the solitary gloom of himself. Nature speaks to his intelligence, his intelligences responds to nature, both meet in his conscience, and society places the seal of experience to the revelations of all the three. Such is our life, and there all doctrine finds its verification. A doctrine contrary to nature, intelligence, conscience, or society, is a false doctrine, because it destroys our life; a doctrine in harmony with these is a true doctrine, because it strengthens and enlarges our life, and because our life, taken in its totality, is heaven and earth, matter and spirit, time and space, man and mankind, whatever comes from God and bears with it a demonstration of him and of ourselves.

It behooves me then to show you the conformity of Catholic doctrine with nature, intelligence, conscience, and society; and to draw from that comparison, unceasingly rising before you, rays of light which will lead us to the depths of the invisible and the immensity of the supernatural. This will form the last part of our conferences, and although it must necessarily employ several years, I cannot divest myself of a feeling of sadness in thinking that the day draws nearer when I must separate from you, and when I shall see no longer, save from a distance in the feebleness of remembrance, those great assemblies in which God was with us.

Nevertheless some consolation is blended with the feeling of our coming separation; the consolation of the man who reaches his end, who has finished a career, and who foresees the hour when he will be able to say with St. Paul, I have fought the good fight, I have finished my course (2 Tim iv. 7). Share with me this sadness and this joy; for our conferences belong to you as much as to me: they form a monument which has risen up from your hearts and from mine as from a single principle; and some day, if it please God to grant us the repose of old age, we shall each alike be able to say, on recalling the times which we loved: I formed part of those conferences of Notre Dame which held our youth captive under the word of God.


Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)



next reading here

Sunday, February 25, 2007

Lacordaire: Conferences

The following is from the opening of Lacordaire's
"God: Conferences delivered at Notre Dame in Paris"




CONFERENCES

THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

We have proved the divinity of Christian doctrine in a two-fold manner; by its results, in showing that it produces that marvel the Church, to which nothing is comparable and which evidently surpasses all human power; and also by showing that her founder is Jesus Christ, the envoy of God and the Son of God. The effects and source of this doctrine being divine, it is manifestly stamped with the seal of divinity, or, in other words, it is divine. It would seem that our task is ended, and that having drowned that doctrine whose minister we are with the most sacred and certain of all characters, we have but two things to demand from you, or rather to impose upon you, namely, silence and adoration.

But the human mind is so formed, it has been so steeped in light, that even if it saw the very hand of God bearing doctrine to it, it would not be willing to receive that doctrine without receiving therewith the right and power to sound its depths. The road of authority is doubtless a just, a natural road, and necessary for our present state; but it does not suffice for us. For our present state includes the foretaste of the future promised to us, and in regard to that future, nothing will fully satisfy us but light seen by us in the very essence of God himself. We do not desire henceforth to behold that light in its infinite fullness; we understand that limits have been placed to our mental vision and to our horizon; but how feeble so-ever that vision may be, it is that of an intelligent being; how limited so-ever its horizon, it is an horizon traced by the hand of God. Our mind seeks light, and our horizon receives its rays. As soon then as a doctrine is proposed to us, from whatsoever hand it may come, we thirst to fathom it, to scrutinize it from within, to assure ourselves, in fine, that it possesses other marks of truth than merely outward signs, however great they may be. I cannot escape from this law of our being, nor do I desire so to do. I respect it in you as in myself; I recognize therein our origin and our predestination. After having led you then for so many hears through the externals of Christianity, I must now, under the eye of God, pass the threshold of the temple, and without fear as without presumption, contemplate doctrine itself, the daughter of God and the mother of your soul.

I do not promise you its absolute superiority; this can be done only by leaving this present world and reaching the bright shores of the infinite. But I promise you that in comparing it with all the doctrines that have endeavored to explain the mysteries of the world, you shall easily discover in it an unquestionable and a divine superiority. I promise you that a light shall shine from it, which, without always attaining to evidence itself, will form at least a glorious dawn of evidence, and perhaps even at times a blending, as it were, of the reason of man with the reason of God. Your soul, elevated by veiled truths, will see them gradually growing clearer in the dawn of contemplation; in that holy exercise it will become accustomed to flights before unknown to it, and at length wonder at the sublime simplicity of the greatest mysteries.

Henri-Dominique Lacordaire
God: Conferences - Notre-Dame in Paris (1871)



Next reading here